Newspaper: Noticias SIN.
Web page:
http://www.antena-sin.com/noticiassin/Details.asp?id_article=7722
May 8th, 2007. 08:02: 00 A.M. INVESTORS.
Foreigners will develop ecological tourism in Miches.
The information was disclosed in the course of a meeting that was headed in this city by the American entrepreneur Ted Khell, pioneer of the tourist project in Punta Cana.
New York. - A group of foreign investors has shown interest in investing a high sum of money in a development project in the Municipality of Miches, Dominican Republic, to give impulse to that zone as an exclusive and ecological tourist destiny, preserving its natural resources, that are its main attractions.
The information was disclosed in the course of a meeting that was headed in this city by the American entrepreneur Ted Khell, pioneer of the tourist project in Punta Cana, and John R. Gagain Jr, Executive Director of the Comisión Presidencial sobre los Objetivos del Milenio y el Desarrollo Sostenible (COPDES) (“Presidential Commission on the Millennium Goals and Sustainable Development”).
Previous to the activity a detailed study was presented by the students of Architecture at Columbia University, on the guidelines to give impulse to the development of Miches.
To the presentation of the report on Miches attended, in addition to Gagain, Mrs. Vivian Sundset, Attached Director of COPDES, and authorities of the Secretaría de Estado de Turismo (“State Secreetariat for Tourism”) and the Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (“State Secretariat for the Environment and Natural Resources”). In addition, journalist Arismendy Calderón, in representation of the Comité Pro-Desarrollo Turístico y de Conservación de los Recursos Naturales de Miches (“Pro-Tourist-Development Committee and of Conservation of the Natural Resources of Miches (Conatura-Miches). In the debates, professors of Columbia University took part.
The meeting was summoned by professors Don Melnick and Elliot Sklar, Directors of the Centro de Medio Ambiente, Economía y Sociedad (“Center for Environment, Economy and Society”), and the Centro de Planificación Urbana Sostenible (“Center for Sustainable Urban Planning”), respectively, of Columbia University. Influential real estate investors from New York City participated.
A group of these investors formalized the commitment to visit the Municipality of Miches in the next month of June with the professors of Columbia University and representatives of the Secretaría de Estado de Turismo and the Secretaría de Estado de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales.
Some of them that took a look at the report elaborated by students of that training center were impressed with the natural beauties of this region, specially its beaches, rivers, its natural resources and the impressive lagoons Redonda and Limón.
The interest of this visit is for managing to give impulse to key investments for the development of sustainable tourism, such as a marine, restoration of the lagoons Redonda and Limón (in the community of El Cedro), rehabilitation of the hydric river basins and cascades, as well as complement works.
It was not informed, in the immediate term, about the initial investment in this ambitious project.
The initiative in that zone was applauded by the gentlemen Robert Roskind, president of the Crescent Hotels Group, Martin Kaplan and Peter Resnick, investors, who saluted the role of Columbia University to choose Miches as a pilot project to turn that municipality in a model of creation of jobs, mobilization of the economy, and conservation of its natural resources.
The group of investors expressed, separately, the interest to continue supporting Columbia University, and to collaborate with the Dominican authorities, the Mayorship of Miches, and the community in general, to give impulse to its development, to reduce poverty, and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations.
FREDDY MIRANDA
www.freddymiranda.com
Traduced by Orlando Alcantara
Friday, July 27, 2007
SALTO DEL LIMON AT SAMANA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Source: Turismo Visión, Informative Service of TourismWatch
Wep page:
http://www.tourism-watch.de/esp/2esp/2esp.dominicana/index.html
By Leida Bouglas.
Dominican Republic: Organizing community groups around eco-tourist practices and conservation of Nature.
The case of Salto del Limón, Samaná, Dominican Republic.
The Cascade of El Limón comprises a great deal of the landscaping attractions at the peninsula of Samaná, Dominican Republic. The tourist potential that has this region offers the possibility of promoting a type of tourism that ties the generation of benefits by means of the reasonable use of the resources with the conservation of Nature.
Nevertheless, until now the region is rather developing a traditional tourism. Most of the tourists buys the “all-included” packages from their countries of origin, which remarkably limits the economic benefits in the destiny countries. This type of tourism development, in addition, can be pernicious to the environment.
A “Diagnosis of the Tourist Sector in the Province of Samaná” from the year 1996 confirms this problem. The affected local people recognized the necessity to develop solutions and changes.
In search of an improvement, the non-governmental organization CEBSE (Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno) (“Center for the Conservation and Eco-development in the Bay of Samaná and its Surroundings”) promotes strategies for the sustainable development of tourism (Plan de Manejo Integrado para la region de Samaná, 1996) (“Plan of Integrated Management for the region of Samaná”, 1996). This plan implies the involvement of the local community groups and opportunities of income for them by means of regulated eco-tourist practices.
Around the cascade, approximately 1,500 people live in the rural localities of Rancho Español, Arroyo Surdido, Loma de la Cruz y El Café. Ten percent of the population works directly in tourism, and many families obtain indirect benefits. In tourism, which began to introduce itself about 15 years ago, many see an economic alternative, more attractive than agriculture.
Nevertheless, problems, unexpected by the communities, arose. This new form of work distorted the social customs, and individualism and lack of fellowship arose, which are not very usual in the rural population. Competitions and conflicts of opposite interests increased, and the quality of the tourist services diminished.
CEBSE tried to generate a base of confidence among the community groups. Activities began to improve the situation together, like, for example, the rehabilitation and the improvement of the footpaths. Little by little, people began to organize themselves and to act in a collective way to improve their services, and mainly to defend their interests before agents like the tourist operators. In workshops, they formulated their expectations, and the strengths and the weaknesses were analyzed. Important subjects of the discussion were the community organization, tourism in general, the protected areas and eco-tourism, the improvement of the tourist services, social problems, other additional economic activities to eco-tourism, and the tourist capacity of the region.
As a result, the Asociación Comunitaria de Ecoturismo del Salto del Limón (ACESAL) (“Eco-Tourism Community Association of Salto del Limón”) arose. Another decisive step was the participation of public organizations in the certification workshops, which contributed “to break the ice”. An important role was also played by the continuous self-evaluations of the activities.
Results and learned lessons.
In order to regulate the tourist activity, ACESAL, CEBSE, and SECTUR (Secretaría de Estado de Turismo) (“State Secretariat for Tourism”) discussed and elaborated in a participative way a plan of norms of use and control for the area. This process was historical, because it was the first time that this governmental instance made norms with previous consultation and approval of the communities. Another result was the formation of a community association integrated by 200 members from 5 communities to make joint activities for the improvement and the sustainable management of the eco-tourist activities. There was also a significant improvement in the infrastructure and the tourist offering, and a greater recognition of the importance of the conservation of the natural resources. Voluntary actions are organized to improve the quality of the place like, for example, cleaning or reforestation initiatives.
Although the Board of Directors and the sub-commissions of ACESAL meet periodically and conduct positive debates, weaknesses in the decision making process, assuming shared responsibilities, and the operation of the same association exist. Nevertheless, ACESAL has begun to take its first steps.
At the moment, there are 12 micro-companies that offer tours with an on-foot or on-a-horse tour guide towards the cascade or the beaches and the caves of the region, as well as typical food, and there are sales of local crafts, organic cacao or coffee. In the tourist activity almost 200 people work directly. Salto del Limón received approximately 20,000 visitors in 1998. The increasing number of visitors raises the expectations put in tourism, but they also increase the disappointments.
The authoress is consultant at Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno (CEBSE) and contributor to the DED (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst / Servicio Alemán de Cooperación Social-Técnica / German Service of Social and Technical Cooperation)
FREDDY MIRANDA
www.freddymiranda.com
Traduced by Orlando Alcantara
Wep page:
http://www.tourism-watch.de/esp/2esp/2esp.dominicana/index.html
By Leida Bouglas.
Dominican Republic: Organizing community groups around eco-tourist practices and conservation of Nature.
The case of Salto del Limón, Samaná, Dominican Republic.
The Cascade of El Limón comprises a great deal of the landscaping attractions at the peninsula of Samaná, Dominican Republic. The tourist potential that has this region offers the possibility of promoting a type of tourism that ties the generation of benefits by means of the reasonable use of the resources with the conservation of Nature.
Nevertheless, until now the region is rather developing a traditional tourism. Most of the tourists buys the “all-included” packages from their countries of origin, which remarkably limits the economic benefits in the destiny countries. This type of tourism development, in addition, can be pernicious to the environment.
A “Diagnosis of the Tourist Sector in the Province of Samaná” from the year 1996 confirms this problem. The affected local people recognized the necessity to develop solutions and changes.
In search of an improvement, the non-governmental organization CEBSE (Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno) (“Center for the Conservation and Eco-development in the Bay of Samaná and its Surroundings”) promotes strategies for the sustainable development of tourism (Plan de Manejo Integrado para la region de Samaná, 1996) (“Plan of Integrated Management for the region of Samaná”, 1996). This plan implies the involvement of the local community groups and opportunities of income for them by means of regulated eco-tourist practices.
Around the cascade, approximately 1,500 people live in the rural localities of Rancho Español, Arroyo Surdido, Loma de la Cruz y El Café. Ten percent of the population works directly in tourism, and many families obtain indirect benefits. In tourism, which began to introduce itself about 15 years ago, many see an economic alternative, more attractive than agriculture.
Nevertheless, problems, unexpected by the communities, arose. This new form of work distorted the social customs, and individualism and lack of fellowship arose, which are not very usual in the rural population. Competitions and conflicts of opposite interests increased, and the quality of the tourist services diminished.
CEBSE tried to generate a base of confidence among the community groups. Activities began to improve the situation together, like, for example, the rehabilitation and the improvement of the footpaths. Little by little, people began to organize themselves and to act in a collective way to improve their services, and mainly to defend their interests before agents like the tourist operators. In workshops, they formulated their expectations, and the strengths and the weaknesses were analyzed. Important subjects of the discussion were the community organization, tourism in general, the protected areas and eco-tourism, the improvement of the tourist services, social problems, other additional economic activities to eco-tourism, and the tourist capacity of the region.
As a result, the Asociación Comunitaria de Ecoturismo del Salto del Limón (ACESAL) (“Eco-Tourism Community Association of Salto del Limón”) arose. Another decisive step was the participation of public organizations in the certification workshops, which contributed “to break the ice”. An important role was also played by the continuous self-evaluations of the activities.
Results and learned lessons.
In order to regulate the tourist activity, ACESAL, CEBSE, and SECTUR (Secretaría de Estado de Turismo) (“State Secretariat for Tourism”) discussed and elaborated in a participative way a plan of norms of use and control for the area. This process was historical, because it was the first time that this governmental instance made norms with previous consultation and approval of the communities. Another result was the formation of a community association integrated by 200 members from 5 communities to make joint activities for the improvement and the sustainable management of the eco-tourist activities. There was also a significant improvement in the infrastructure and the tourist offering, and a greater recognition of the importance of the conservation of the natural resources. Voluntary actions are organized to improve the quality of the place like, for example, cleaning or reforestation initiatives.
Although the Board of Directors and the sub-commissions of ACESAL meet periodically and conduct positive debates, weaknesses in the decision making process, assuming shared responsibilities, and the operation of the same association exist. Nevertheless, ACESAL has begun to take its first steps.
At the moment, there are 12 micro-companies that offer tours with an on-foot or on-a-horse tour guide towards the cascade or the beaches and the caves of the region, as well as typical food, and there are sales of local crafts, organic cacao or coffee. In the tourist activity almost 200 people work directly. Salto del Limón received approximately 20,000 visitors in 1998. The increasing number of visitors raises the expectations put in tourism, but they also increase the disappointments.
The authoress is consultant at Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno (CEBSE) and contributor to the DED (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst / Servicio Alemán de Cooperación Social-Técnica / German Service of Social and Technical Cooperation)
FREDDY MIRANDA
www.freddymiranda.com
Traduced by Orlando Alcantara
MICHES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Newspaper: Diario Digital F-27
Web page: http://www.diariof27.com/articulo,928,html
A FORGOTTEN TOWN; A HIDDEN AND ABANDONED MUNICIPALITY.
Miches .................... A treasure to be discovered.
LET US RECOVER MICHES TO GIVE LIFE TO THE DEAD.
By José Rafael Sosa.
Wednesday, July 25th, 2007.
MICHES. It has already finished the noisy party and the cultural activism that was held on the activity of Miches Art 2007, but this population is left in its same position on the road, waiting for its tourist development.
***
A zone with an extraordinary tourist potential that it is just now starting to have a glimpse of. Miches deserves to see itself from a necessary positive perspective.
***
Miches’ history it’s the history of waiting. Miches has some unique attractions from the tourist and eco-tourist points of view, so it is needed that the eyes of the Government and the investors turn their staring look towards that locality, where they are failing to fulfill their duties of developing it (the Government) and preventing themselves of making money (the investors) with every day that goes by without establishing projects and properties.
Miches, simply, waits patiently for its development.
A long time has gone by since the year of 1808, when the settlement of the first families coming from the Cordillera Oriental (“Eastern Mountain Range”), coming from El Seybo and other nearby regions, and improvised several inexpensive houses for their temporary permanence in this zone, attracted by the beautiful marine coast.
Miches waits. It waits for opportunities and justice.
Columbia University recommends the creation of a Patronage Council.
A fundamental step for developing tourism in Miches is the creation of a Patronage Council, integrated by the most influential sectors in the population life: City Hall, Government institutions, academicians in environmental sciences and in urban development, the community through business people and residents, as well as non-governmental organizations.
This recommendation is made by the Columbia University that sent to Miches a team of professors and students, who investigated the conditions that this population holds for its development.
The intention is to create the Comisión de Desarrollo de Miches (“Development Commission for Miches) (with its respective planning office, and an auditing commission), with the massive participation of the women’s sector from the urban and rural areas. Work groups would be created in the following topics: economic development, environmental balance, youth, women, historical and cultural aspects, population increment, and public health.
FREDDY MIRANDA
www.freddymiranda.com
Complided and traduced by Orlando Alcantara
Web page: http://www.diariof27.com/articulo,928,html
A FORGOTTEN TOWN; A HIDDEN AND ABANDONED MUNICIPALITY.
Miches .................... A treasure to be discovered.
LET US RECOVER MICHES TO GIVE LIFE TO THE DEAD.
By José Rafael Sosa.
Wednesday, July 25th, 2007.
MICHES. It has already finished the noisy party and the cultural activism that was held on the activity of Miches Art 2007, but this population is left in its same position on the road, waiting for its tourist development.
***
A zone with an extraordinary tourist potential that it is just now starting to have a glimpse of. Miches deserves to see itself from a necessary positive perspective.
***
Miches’ history it’s the history of waiting. Miches has some unique attractions from the tourist and eco-tourist points of view, so it is needed that the eyes of the Government and the investors turn their staring look towards that locality, where they are failing to fulfill their duties of developing it (the Government) and preventing themselves of making money (the investors) with every day that goes by without establishing projects and properties.
Miches, simply, waits patiently for its development.
A long time has gone by since the year of 1808, when the settlement of the first families coming from the Cordillera Oriental (“Eastern Mountain Range”), coming from El Seybo and other nearby regions, and improvised several inexpensive houses for their temporary permanence in this zone, attracted by the beautiful marine coast.
Miches waits. It waits for opportunities and justice.
Columbia University recommends the creation of a Patronage Council.
A fundamental step for developing tourism in Miches is the creation of a Patronage Council, integrated by the most influential sectors in the population life: City Hall, Government institutions, academicians in environmental sciences and in urban development, the community through business people and residents, as well as non-governmental organizations.
This recommendation is made by the Columbia University that sent to Miches a team of professors and students, who investigated the conditions that this population holds for its development.
The intention is to create the Comisión de Desarrollo de Miches (“Development Commission for Miches) (with its respective planning office, and an auditing commission), with the massive participation of the women’s sector from the urban and rural areas. Work groups would be created in the following topics: economic development, environmental balance, youth, women, historical and cultural aspects, population increment, and public health.
FREDDY MIRANDA
www.freddymiranda.com
Complided and traduced by Orlando Alcantara
Thursday, July 26, 2007
ECO TOURIST PRACTICES IN DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Source: Turismo Visión, Informative Service of TourismWatch
Wep page:
http://www.tourism-watch.de/esp/2esp/2esp.dominicana/index.html
By Leida Bouglas.
Dominican Republic: Organizing community groups around eco-tourist practices and conservation of Nature.
The case of Salto del Limón, Samaná, Dominican Republic.
The Cascade of El Limón comprises a great deal of the landscaping attractions at the peninsula of Samaná, Dominican Republic. The tourist potential that has this region offers the possibility of promoting a type of tourism that ties the generation of benefits by means of the reasonable use of the resources with the conservation of Nature.
Nevertheless, until now the region is rather developing a traditional tourism. Most of the tourists buys the “all-included” packages from their countries of origin, which remarkably limits the economic benefits in the destiny countries. This type of tourism development, in addition, can be pernicious to the environment.
A “Diagnosis of the Tourist Sector in the Province of Samaná” from the year 1996 confirms this problem. The affected local people recognized the necessity to develop solutions and changes.
In search of an improvement, the non-government organization CEBSE (Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno) (“Center for the Conservation and Eco-development in the Bay of Samaná and its Surroundings”) promotes strategies for the sustainable development of tourism (Plan de Manejo Integrado para la region de Samaná, 1996) (“Plan of Integrated Management for the region of Samaná”, 1996). This plan implies the involvement of the local community groups and opportunities of income for them by means of regulated eco-tourist practices.
Around the cascade, approximately 1,500 people live in the rural localities of Rancho Español, Arroyo Surdido, Loma de la Cruz y El Café. Ten percent of the population works directly in tourism, and many families obtain indirect benefits. In tourism, which began to introduce itself about 15 years ago, many see an economic alternative, more attractive than agriculture.
Nevertheless, problems, unexpected by the communities, arose. This new form of work distorted the social customs, and individualism and lack of fellowship arose, which are not very usual in the rural population. Competitions and conflicts of opposite interests increased, and the quality of the tourist services diminished.
CEBSE tried to generate a base of confidence among the community groups. Activities began to improve the situation together, like, for example, the rehabilitation and the improvement of the footpaths. Little by little, people began to organize themselves and to act in a collective way to improve their services, and mainly to defend their interests before agents like the tourist operators. In workshops, they formulated their expectations, and the strengths and the weaknesses were analyzed. Important subjects of the discussion were the community organization, tourism in general, the protected areas and eco-tourism, the improvement of the tourist services, social problems, other additional economic activities to eco-tourism, and the tourist capacity of the region.
As a result, the Asociación Comunitaria de Ecoturismo del Salto del Limón (ACESAL) (“Eco-Tourism Community Association of Salto del Limón”) arose. Another decisive step was the participation of public organizations in the certification workshops, which contributed “to break the ice”. An important role was also played by the continuous self-evaluations of the activities.
Results and learned lessons.
In order to regulate the tourist activity, ACESAL, CEBSE, and SECTUR (Secretaría de Estado de Turismo) (“State Secretariat of Tourism”) discussed and elaborated in a participative way a plan of norms of use and control for the area. This process was historical, because it was the first time that this governmental instance made norms with previous consultation and approval of the communities. Another result was the formation of a community association integrated by 200 members from 5 communities to make joint activities for the improvement and the sustainable management of the eco-tourist activities. There was also a significant improvement in the infrastructure and the tourist offering, and a greater recognition of the importance of the conservation of the natural resources. Voluntary actions are organized to improve the quality of the place like, for example, cleaning or reforestation initiatives.
Although the Board of Directors and the sub-commissions of ACESAL meet periodically and conduct positive debates, weaknesses in the decision making process, assuming shared responsibilities, and the operation of the same association exist. Nevertheless, ACESAL has begun to take its first steps.
At the moment, there are 12 micro-companies that offer tours with an on-foot or on-a-horse tour guide towards the cascade or the beaches and the caves of the region, as well as typical food, and there are sales of local crafts, organic cacao or coffee. In the tourist activity almost 200 people work directly. Salto del Limón received approximately 20,000 visitors in 1998. The increasing number of visitors raises the expectations put in tourism, but they also increase the disappointments.
The authoress is consultant at Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno (CEBSE) and contributor to the DED (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst / Servicio Alemán de Cooperación Social-Técnica / German Service of Social and Technical Cooperation)
FREDDY MIRANDA
Compiled and traduced by Orlando Alcántara
Wep page:
http://www.tourism-watch.de/esp/2esp/2esp.dominicana/index.html
By Leida Bouglas.
Dominican Republic: Organizing community groups around eco-tourist practices and conservation of Nature.
The case of Salto del Limón, Samaná, Dominican Republic.
The Cascade of El Limón comprises a great deal of the landscaping attractions at the peninsula of Samaná, Dominican Republic. The tourist potential that has this region offers the possibility of promoting a type of tourism that ties the generation of benefits by means of the reasonable use of the resources with the conservation of Nature.
Nevertheless, until now the region is rather developing a traditional tourism. Most of the tourists buys the “all-included” packages from their countries of origin, which remarkably limits the economic benefits in the destiny countries. This type of tourism development, in addition, can be pernicious to the environment.
A “Diagnosis of the Tourist Sector in the Province of Samaná” from the year 1996 confirms this problem. The affected local people recognized the necessity to develop solutions and changes.
In search of an improvement, the non-government organization CEBSE (Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno) (“Center for the Conservation and Eco-development in the Bay of Samaná and its Surroundings”) promotes strategies for the sustainable development of tourism (Plan de Manejo Integrado para la region de Samaná, 1996) (“Plan of Integrated Management for the region of Samaná”, 1996). This plan implies the involvement of the local community groups and opportunities of income for them by means of regulated eco-tourist practices.
Around the cascade, approximately 1,500 people live in the rural localities of Rancho Español, Arroyo Surdido, Loma de la Cruz y El Café. Ten percent of the population works directly in tourism, and many families obtain indirect benefits. In tourism, which began to introduce itself about 15 years ago, many see an economic alternative, more attractive than agriculture.
Nevertheless, problems, unexpected by the communities, arose. This new form of work distorted the social customs, and individualism and lack of fellowship arose, which are not very usual in the rural population. Competitions and conflicts of opposite interests increased, and the quality of the tourist services diminished.
CEBSE tried to generate a base of confidence among the community groups. Activities began to improve the situation together, like, for example, the rehabilitation and the improvement of the footpaths. Little by little, people began to organize themselves and to act in a collective way to improve their services, and mainly to defend their interests before agents like the tourist operators. In workshops, they formulated their expectations, and the strengths and the weaknesses were analyzed. Important subjects of the discussion were the community organization, tourism in general, the protected areas and eco-tourism, the improvement of the tourist services, social problems, other additional economic activities to eco-tourism, and the tourist capacity of the region.
As a result, the Asociación Comunitaria de Ecoturismo del Salto del Limón (ACESAL) (“Eco-Tourism Community Association of Salto del Limón”) arose. Another decisive step was the participation of public organizations in the certification workshops, which contributed “to break the ice”. An important role was also played by the continuous self-evaluations of the activities.
Results and learned lessons.
In order to regulate the tourist activity, ACESAL, CEBSE, and SECTUR (Secretaría de Estado de Turismo) (“State Secretariat of Tourism”) discussed and elaborated in a participative way a plan of norms of use and control for the area. This process was historical, because it was the first time that this governmental instance made norms with previous consultation and approval of the communities. Another result was the formation of a community association integrated by 200 members from 5 communities to make joint activities for the improvement and the sustainable management of the eco-tourist activities. There was also a significant improvement in the infrastructure and the tourist offering, and a greater recognition of the importance of the conservation of the natural resources. Voluntary actions are organized to improve the quality of the place like, for example, cleaning or reforestation initiatives.
Although the Board of Directors and the sub-commissions of ACESAL meet periodically and conduct positive debates, weaknesses in the decision making process, assuming shared responsibilities, and the operation of the same association exist. Nevertheless, ACESAL has begun to take its first steps.
At the moment, there are 12 micro-companies that offer tours with an on-foot or on-a-horse tour guide towards the cascade or the beaches and the caves of the region, as well as typical food, and there are sales of local crafts, organic cacao or coffee. In the tourist activity almost 200 people work directly. Salto del Limón received approximately 20,000 visitors in 1998. The increasing number of visitors raises the expectations put in tourism, but they also increase the disappointments.
The authoress is consultant at Centro para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de la Bahía de Samaná y su Entorno (CEBSE) and contributor to the DED (Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst / Servicio Alemán de Cooperación Social-Técnica / German Service of Social and Technical Cooperation)
FREDDY MIRANDA
Compiled and traduced by Orlando Alcántara
Wednesday, July 25, 2007
How to Buy a real property in Dominican Republic
Throughout our career of more than 15 years as a Law professional and more than 10 years as a professional specialized in real estate and foreign investment, I have reached the following conclusions: a) the most important factor for an investor is to work with a professional who has deep knowledge of expertise in these areas; b) not only the expert professional should know the language of the investor; this is important, but without having still a great knowledge of the investor’s language, the expert dedicated to investing in real estate must know the customs and the habits that are held in the country where the foreign investor makes his/her investment; c) it doesn’t exist nor it shouldn’t exist such a thing as free legal advice; rather our firm focuses itself in providing free guidance, or a guide or a map in order to be able to invest with the lesser possible risk.
Our clients have taught to us. We have only put the ears in their complaints, needs and wants, regarding that the best way to serve their interests is generating alternatives so that they by themselves can choose that option who they consider correct and that fills their expectations. In other words, to know and to act.
The following lines summarize what in our opinion really represents the greatest interests of the investors at world-wide level, and at the end the aspects in which we give advice to focus at the time of taking into account how to make a foreign investment.
Firstly, it is evident that when leaving a country, where we know the laws, it is very important to eliminate all type of uncertainty regarding the political and social stability of the destiny country of our investment. Secondly, we must know that when we make a change in our destiny of investment, placing our money in another country, it is the rules of this new destiny the ones that reign and, therefore, we must allow an efficient professional expert to take us by the hand; an expert professional who knows the economic, social, political and cultural environments of the country where we are going to make the investment.
It is necessary to look for the alternative that is less expensive in the short term, but that does not put at risk the investment in the long term. That is to say, if we must incorporate a company, it is better that this company belongs to a reliable jurisdiction, and it should have a low budget. You must ask your lawyer on the necessity of registration of this company in the country that it is the object of the investment; in this case, the Dominican Republic.
This takes us to the following topic. A comparison among the different types of incorporation or constitution of companies for foreign investors. That is to ask: isn’t a foreign investor better protected by the local laws? Isn’t it better, then, that the company or society that is going to protect his/her investment belongs to the destiny country of the investment? Can I incorporate a company that it doesn’t belong to the Dominican Republic to buy a property?
Another question would be: Do I have to incorporate a company? The answer is yes. It is not mandatory, but after giving legal services to many clients in this area we are convinced that the less risky way to protect a purchase is through a society or company.
In the last years, the Dominican companies have increased a lot in their costs of incorporation. In addition, the tax laws have modified a lot the kinds of maintaining or keeping up to date the companies with the Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII) (IRS in the United States of America). Consequently, the incorporation of a Dominican company can be a trap due to the high cost that it can have at the moment of its constitution. It is possible to be said that with a small capital for incorporating the company, for example, 100.000,00 pesos of capital versus the value of the investment, the company can be economical for the investor. Nevertheless, the trap is in the monthly maintenance of the companies, and in the fact that it could be considered as tax evasion over the social capital or the difference between the investment and the company’s capital. Consult with your lawyer on this matter.
For us, the best options regarding to foreign investment are found in the jurisdictions called “tax havens”. The jurisdictions that we recommend are, of course, BVI, Panama, Anguila and lately Belize. These companies are of fast constitution, they do not require of so many shareholders as in the Dominican companies, and through them there is greater control of the investment. By control, we are talking about handling with ease the company through a Board of Directors that allows to name up to a single Director of the company.
There is a necessary comparison among the structures of U. S. companies of reduced risk to special capital LLC and Dominican companies or foreign companies of jurisdictions called “tax havens”. This comparison raises an important point, and it is the objective or destiny of the investment. In general, we like to think that an entrepreneur or investor has greater yield if he/she tries to maintain his/her investment as a foreign investment in the Dominican Republic in order to avoid the risk that implies double taxation. In effect, when companies of American origin are constituted, it is essential to declare them in the United States and then to register them here; so the company will have to pay taxes both in the United States and in this country, the Dominican Republic.
As a general rule, we would say that -for investors with money originating by a trust or another type of investment structure that forces them to be transparent in all its operations immediately- it is better for them to constitute their companies in their country of origin; in this case, we have used the United States as an example. For those who pursue a greater benefit, we understand that the advisable thing is the constitution of national companies or special jurisdictions, such as Belize, Anguila, BVI or Panama.
Numerous aspects must be considered by the foreign investors concentrated in the area of tourism real estate. We summarize the most important as follows: a) the transaction contract that has to be reviewed by a lawyer; b) “due diligence” or previous investigation on the taxes that could affect the tax property, and on the possible charges or mortgages that the building has; c) if it does not exist a title certificate, it is necessary to investigate the state of the segregation of the land or delimitations to protect the investment; d) flat cadastral or “survey”; e) construction permissions that could affect the development; f) possession of the building; and h) employees in the case of properties already developed and that require maintenance.
In the still much more specialized segment of preconstruction, the investor must look for a professional who helps to solve or to answer basic investment questions such as: a) who is the developer and what is his/her reputation in the market?; b) what type of protection offers the Dominican laws for the constructions (protection against hidden vices or defects in the construction)?; c) which options do I have as an investor when I rent my property?; d) what type of taxes do I have to pay in the form of rents?; e) which are the benefits to give my property in administration? ; f) how can I obtain financing for my property in the Dominican Republic?; and f) which are the maintenance costs?
A last aspect to consider in the investment is the risk and the suitable type of investment that are more to our interests as investors in the Dominican Republic. On this point, we refer to the classic ideas of investment in real estate in general that they suggest drawing up to the plans and goals of investment starting off from the following parameters: a) financial resources. As a general rule, while more resources or liquidity are controlled, the possibilities of investing in rent properties are greater in the first place, and then in apartments or lots located in strategic sites; b) if our objective is on the contrary to involve us little in the handling of the companies, then it is always suggested -taking the factor of liquidity in account- the investment in land or lot and in apartments or houses is recommended after that one. In apartments, if they do not require of much maintenance, and in houses depending, as always, of the location of them; c) finally, for those investors looking for greater risks by all means and more long term yield, the first option always will be the land investment located in areas of growth like the lands of Bávaro and Cabarete. Our readers can get more information on this subject in the extraordinary book written by William Benke and Joseph M. Fowler entitled “All About Real Estate Investing”.
Our clients have taught to us. We have only put the ears in their complaints, needs and wants, regarding that the best way to serve their interests is generating alternatives so that they by themselves can choose that option who they consider correct and that fills their expectations. In other words, to know and to act.
The following lines summarize what in our opinion really represents the greatest interests of the investors at world-wide level, and at the end the aspects in which we give advice to focus at the time of taking into account how to make a foreign investment.
Firstly, it is evident that when leaving a country, where we know the laws, it is very important to eliminate all type of uncertainty regarding the political and social stability of the destiny country of our investment. Secondly, we must know that when we make a change in our destiny of investment, placing our money in another country, it is the rules of this new destiny the ones that reign and, therefore, we must allow an efficient professional expert to take us by the hand; an expert professional who knows the economic, social, political and cultural environments of the country where we are going to make the investment.
It is necessary to look for the alternative that is less expensive in the short term, but that does not put at risk the investment in the long term. That is to say, if we must incorporate a company, it is better that this company belongs to a reliable jurisdiction, and it should have a low budget. You must ask your lawyer on the necessity of registration of this company in the country that it is the object of the investment; in this case, the Dominican Republic.
This takes us to the following topic. A comparison among the different types of incorporation or constitution of companies for foreign investors. That is to ask: isn’t a foreign investor better protected by the local laws? Isn’t it better, then, that the company or society that is going to protect his/her investment belongs to the destiny country of the investment? Can I incorporate a company that it doesn’t belong to the Dominican Republic to buy a property?
Another question would be: Do I have to incorporate a company? The answer is yes. It is not mandatory, but after giving legal services to many clients in this area we are convinced that the less risky way to protect a purchase is through a society or company.
In the last years, the Dominican companies have increased a lot in their costs of incorporation. In addition, the tax laws have modified a lot the kinds of maintaining or keeping up to date the companies with the Dirección General de Impuestos Internos (DGII) (IRS in the United States of America). Consequently, the incorporation of a Dominican company can be a trap due to the high cost that it can have at the moment of its constitution. It is possible to be said that with a small capital for incorporating the company, for example, 100.000,00 pesos of capital versus the value of the investment, the company can be economical for the investor. Nevertheless, the trap is in the monthly maintenance of the companies, and in the fact that it could be considered as tax evasion over the social capital or the difference between the investment and the company’s capital. Consult with your lawyer on this matter.
For us, the best options regarding to foreign investment are found in the jurisdictions called “tax havens”. The jurisdictions that we recommend are, of course, BVI, Panama, Anguila and lately Belize. These companies are of fast constitution, they do not require of so many shareholders as in the Dominican companies, and through them there is greater control of the investment. By control, we are talking about handling with ease the company through a Board of Directors that allows to name up to a single Director of the company.
There is a necessary comparison among the structures of U. S. companies of reduced risk to special capital LLC and Dominican companies or foreign companies of jurisdictions called “tax havens”. This comparison raises an important point, and it is the objective or destiny of the investment. In general, we like to think that an entrepreneur or investor has greater yield if he/she tries to maintain his/her investment as a foreign investment in the Dominican Republic in order to avoid the risk that implies double taxation. In effect, when companies of American origin are constituted, it is essential to declare them in the United States and then to register them here; so the company will have to pay taxes both in the United States and in this country, the Dominican Republic.
As a general rule, we would say that -for investors with money originating by a trust or another type of investment structure that forces them to be transparent in all its operations immediately- it is better for them to constitute their companies in their country of origin; in this case, we have used the United States as an example. For those who pursue a greater benefit, we understand that the advisable thing is the constitution of national companies or special jurisdictions, such as Belize, Anguila, BVI or Panama.
Numerous aspects must be considered by the foreign investors concentrated in the area of tourism real estate. We summarize the most important as follows: a) the transaction contract that has to be reviewed by a lawyer; b) “due diligence” or previous investigation on the taxes that could affect the tax property, and on the possible charges or mortgages that the building has; c) if it does not exist a title certificate, it is necessary to investigate the state of the segregation of the land or delimitations to protect the investment; d) flat cadastral or “survey”; e) construction permissions that could affect the development; f) possession of the building; and h) employees in the case of properties already developed and that require maintenance.
In the still much more specialized segment of preconstruction, the investor must look for a professional who helps to solve or to answer basic investment questions such as: a) who is the developer and what is his/her reputation in the market?; b) what type of protection offers the Dominican laws for the constructions (protection against hidden vices or defects in the construction)?; c) which options do I have as an investor when I rent my property?; d) what type of taxes do I have to pay in the form of rents?; e) which are the benefits to give my property in administration? ; f) how can I obtain financing for my property in the Dominican Republic?; and f) which are the maintenance costs?
A last aspect to consider in the investment is the risk and the suitable type of investment that are more to our interests as investors in the Dominican Republic. On this point, we refer to the classic ideas of investment in real estate in general that they suggest drawing up to the plans and goals of investment starting off from the following parameters: a) financial resources. As a general rule, while more resources or liquidity are controlled, the possibilities of investing in rent properties are greater in the first place, and then in apartments or lots located in strategic sites; b) if our objective is on the contrary to involve us little in the handling of the companies, then it is always suggested -taking the factor of liquidity in account- the investment in land or lot and in apartments or houses is recommended after that one. In apartments, if they do not require of much maintenance, and in houses depending, as always, of the location of them; c) finally, for those investors looking for greater risks by all means and more long term yield, the first option always will be the land investment located in areas of growth like the lands of Bávaro and Cabarete. Our readers can get more information on this subject in the extraordinary book written by William Benke and Joseph M. Fowler entitled “All About Real Estate Investing”.
THE PIÑEIRO GROUP INVESTS 50 MILLIONS
Source: Europe Press.
Web page:
http://www.lukor.com/not-neg/empresas/0601/23171220.htm
Economy/Companies. - The Piñero group invests 50 millions in four luxury resorts in the Dominican Republic.
MADRID, 23 (EUROPA PRESS)
The hotel chain Bahía Príncipe, who belongs to the Piñero group, will invest 60 million dollars (about 50 million euros) in the acquisition and remodeling of four resorts with more than 900 rooms, so that the company will add seven establishments in the country and will have a total of 3,600 rooms, informed today Antonio González, the person in charge of Marketing of the hotel firm Bahía Príncipe.
In the presentation of the promotion that the Dominican Republic will make in the Feria Internacional de Turismo (International Tourism Fair) in Madrid (Fitur) 2006, González indicated that these hotel acquisitions, whose inauguration is predicted for the season 2006-2007, respond to the bet of the group in the Latin American country, that, in his opinion, has a tourist potential with the opening in the next month of November of the new airport in the zone of Samaná.
In particular, the chain has destined the investment, on the one hand, in the acquisition of three establishments of five stars located between the Bahía de Samaná (Bay of Samaná) and the Bahía Escocesa (Scottish Bay) and, on the other hand, in the purchase of a hotel, that was in phase of construction in Cayo Levantado (Raised Key), as well as in the operation during 50 years of the island where it is located. This last establishment will have a category of five stars Great Luxury.
In this sense, González indicated that the objective of the company is to turn the resort of Cayo Levantado, that has a colonial design and style, in a “referring tourist spot”, and added that the four establishments will have a regime of an “all-included” package. In particular, the hotel Gran Bahía Príncipe Cayo Levantado will have a capacity of 191 rooms, among which it will have junior superior suites distributed in 12 villas of 8 rooms, suites, rooms “Villas Playas” (“Villas Beaches”), and standard rooms. Also, it will have 4 restaurants, other 4 bars, 2 tennis courts, 1 paddle court, and heliport.
On the other hand, the Gran Bahía Príncipe Cayacoa will offer 223 rooms, among which there will be junior suites and suites with views to the sea and standard rooms, whereas the establishment Gran Bahía Príncipe Samaná will have 103 rooms. Also, the Piñero group will have the Gran Bahía Príncipe El Portillo.
EAGERNESS TO INCREASE ITS PRESENCE IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
These new openings are added to the three hotels that the company already has in the Dominican Republic, two of them, with a category of five stars, are located in Punta Cana -Gran Bahía Príncipe Punta Cana and Gran Bahía Príncipe Bávaro- and the other in Playa Grande –Gran Bahía Príncipe San Juan.
In this sense, González affirmed that the hotel chain is going to continue extending its presence in the Dominican island in the next years with the acquisition of new establishments and the construction of resorts. In particular, he asserted that the company hopes to open at the end of 2007 a hotel in the Bayahíbe zone (Southeast of the country).
Bahía Príncipe has three establishments in Mexico, although it hopes to initiate another hotel project with golf course in that country and to inaugurate another resort in Jamaica the next month of November. Also, it has two other hotels in Tenerife –Bahía Príncipe Costa Adeje and Bahía Príncipe Tenerife-. The Piñero group besides having the hotel chain Bahía Príncipe, has the hotel firm Piñero Hotels, with establishments of three stars, and the tour-operator Soltour.
Web page:
http://www.lukor.com/not-neg/empresas/0601/23171220.htm
Economy/Companies. - The Piñero group invests 50 millions in four luxury resorts in the Dominican Republic.
MADRID, 23 (EUROPA PRESS)
The hotel chain Bahía Príncipe, who belongs to the Piñero group, will invest 60 million dollars (about 50 million euros) in the acquisition and remodeling of four resorts with more than 900 rooms, so that the company will add seven establishments in the country and will have a total of 3,600 rooms, informed today Antonio González, the person in charge of Marketing of the hotel firm Bahía Príncipe.
In the presentation of the promotion that the Dominican Republic will make in the Feria Internacional de Turismo (International Tourism Fair) in Madrid (Fitur) 2006, González indicated that these hotel acquisitions, whose inauguration is predicted for the season 2006-2007, respond to the bet of the group in the Latin American country, that, in his opinion, has a tourist potential with the opening in the next month of November of the new airport in the zone of Samaná.
In particular, the chain has destined the investment, on the one hand, in the acquisition of three establishments of five stars located between the Bahía de Samaná (Bay of Samaná) and the Bahía Escocesa (Scottish Bay) and, on the other hand, in the purchase of a hotel, that was in phase of construction in Cayo Levantado (Raised Key), as well as in the operation during 50 years of the island where it is located. This last establishment will have a category of five stars Great Luxury.
In this sense, González indicated that the objective of the company is to turn the resort of Cayo Levantado, that has a colonial design and style, in a “referring tourist spot”, and added that the four establishments will have a regime of an “all-included” package. In particular, the hotel Gran Bahía Príncipe Cayo Levantado will have a capacity of 191 rooms, among which it will have junior superior suites distributed in 12 villas of 8 rooms, suites, rooms “Villas Playas” (“Villas Beaches”), and standard rooms. Also, it will have 4 restaurants, other 4 bars, 2 tennis courts, 1 paddle court, and heliport.
On the other hand, the Gran Bahía Príncipe Cayacoa will offer 223 rooms, among which there will be junior suites and suites with views to the sea and standard rooms, whereas the establishment Gran Bahía Príncipe Samaná will have 103 rooms. Also, the Piñero group will have the Gran Bahía Príncipe El Portillo.
EAGERNESS TO INCREASE ITS PRESENCE IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC.
These new openings are added to the three hotels that the company already has in the Dominican Republic, two of them, with a category of five stars, are located in Punta Cana -Gran Bahía Príncipe Punta Cana and Gran Bahía Príncipe Bávaro- and the other in Playa Grande –Gran Bahía Príncipe San Juan.
In this sense, González affirmed that the hotel chain is going to continue extending its presence in the Dominican island in the next years with the acquisition of new establishments and the construction of resorts. In particular, he asserted that the company hopes to open at the end of 2007 a hotel in the Bayahíbe zone (Southeast of the country).
Bahía Príncipe has three establishments in Mexico, although it hopes to initiate another hotel project with golf course in that country and to inaugurate another resort in Jamaica the next month of November. Also, it has two other hotels in Tenerife –Bahía Príncipe Costa Adeje and Bahía Príncipe Tenerife-. The Piñero group besides having the hotel chain Bahía Príncipe, has the hotel firm Piñero Hotels, with establishments of three stars, and the tour-operator Soltour.
LA NORMA GENERAL NUMERO 07-2007 SOBRE LA EXENCION PARA LAS EMPRESAS DE CONSTRUCCION DE PROYECTOS
En fecha 26 de Junio del año dos mil siete (2007) la Dirección General de Impuestos Internos dictó la norma 07-2007 conocida como
NORMA PARA ESTABLECER LA FORMA DE APLICACIÓN DE LA EXENCION A LOS ACTIVOS DEL ISR Y EL ITBIS PARA EL SECTOR CONSTRUCCION Y DEL USO DE COMPROBANTES FISCALES QEU DEBEN SUSTENTAR SUS OPERACIONES.
En su artículo primero esta norma establece que para ser beneficiarias de la exención fiscal establecida en el Código Tributario sobre el impuesto a los activos las sociedades DEDICADAS a la construcción de obras importantes deberán someter a la Dirección General de impuestos Internos el estimado de los costos del proyecto y el plazo para la ejecución.
En otras palabras para que la empresa pueda calificar como exenta del impuesto de los activos tienen que estar registradas como tal en la DGII. De conformidad con dicha norma las empresas constructoras de obras estatales tales como carreteras, puentes, presas, caminos vecinales o edificaciones o similares, tienen derecho a la exención siempre y cuando la registren como avance al final del ejercicio. No obstante para recibir este beneficio se hace necesario el registro en la DGII del contrato con el Estado Dominicano.
El plazo para calificar una obra como exenta de impuesto sobre los activos es de 120 días. Estos comenzarán a correr para los nuevos proyectos al momento de inicio de las obras y para los que ya están en ejecución en el mismo plazo. Cuándo es el momento de inicio de la obra? Para la DGII el inicio de la obra (parrafo III) es el momento de la primera erogación de fondos. Es decir desde que el proyecto tenga los fondos para trabajar la obra.
Si los constructores decidiesen prorrogar el plazo del inicio de obra deberán informarlo a la DGII oportunamente. No se define en la norma cuál es el plazo de oportunidad pero se entiende que lo que busca la administración de impuestos es que las obras no se paralicen con la finalidad de acogerse a la exención. Es por este motivo que el párrafo V de dicha norma establece que de todas formas es necesario que las empresas se inscriban en la DGII para calificar como constructoras exentas del impuesto sobre los activos cumpliendo con las disposiciones del Título V del Código Tributario.
Cuando una empresa de venta de inmuebles o dedicada a la construcción tenga varios proyectos en ejecución cada proyecto debe de mantener sus registros individualizados, aunque para fines del Impuesto sobre la renta estos proyectos se presenten como obras consolidadas con el formulario IR-2.
Loa pagos que hagan dichas empresas a los subcontratistas estarán sujetos a una retención de un 2%. Los arquitectos, ingenieros, agrimensores y otros de profesiones similares "facturen consignando únicamente el valor del servicio profesional prestado, la retención del ISR será del 10% del valor facturado. En adición las empresas estarán obligadas a retener a su vez un 2% con carácter de retención a los trabajadores bajo la dependencia de los subcontratistas es decir de los trabajadores que documentados o indocumentados estén bajo la dependencia de dichos subcontratistas. Esta retención del 2% bruto se considerará pago definitivo.Estos pagos no requerirán de comprobante fiscal. En consecuencia podrían beneficiar a las empresas constructoras por la facilidad de reportar dichos pagos al final del ejercicio fiscal, sólamente consignando los datos de los beneficiarios tales como nombres cédulas, fecha, etc.Como indicamos anteriormente estos pagos no requerirán de comprobante fiscal, pero para la DGII existe una obligación general de prudencia que tienen las empresas constructoras en el sentido de que estos pagos tendrán que ser razonables y guardar relación con los parámetros aceptados para este tipo de gastos.Los maestros constructores, ajusteros, y obreros no estarán sujetos a la retención del Impuesto a la Transferencia de Bienes y Servicios (ITBIS); sin embargo el ITBIS será retenido por las empresas constructoras de la siguiente forma: a) persona jurídica ITBIS más retención del 2% de impuesto sobre la renta como pago definitivo; y b) si se trata de persona física 30%, repetimos que esta retención la efectua en la fuenta la empresa que realiza el pago.El artículo 4 de la norma establece que "Cuando un contratista o subcontratista, sean estas personas físicas o jurídicas, realicen trabajos de construcción y dichos trabajos inlcluyan materiales, equipos o piezas de la construcción, la facturación del 16% del ITBIS se aplicará sobre el 10% del monto de los trabajos facturados. El ITBIS facturado de esta manera, estará sujeto a la retención del 100% si quien factura es una persona física y de 30% si quien factura es una persona jurídica.Las obras contratadas como CONTRATO DE ADMINISTRACIÓN se calcularán sobre el porcentaje a percibir por el subcontratista como pago de su obra.El promotor o dueño de la obra podría para documentar el costo de la obra aportar como evidencia de dicho costo los comprobantes fiscales que sirvan de sustento a la compra de materiales de construcción por parte de las personas físicas o jurídicas que trabajen bajo la modalidad de contrato de administración.En el párrafo III de la norma en lo relacionado con el ITBIS se expresa que: " Las disposiciones de la presente norma sobre el ITBIS, no incluye los demás pagos que los constructores hagan a favor de técnicos, profesionales liberales y otras personas físicas cuya labor haya sido prestada sin estar bajo relación de dependencia de la empresa constructora que realiza el pago, los cuales estarán sujetos a las disposiciones establecidas en el Código Tributario y sus reglamentos. En el caso de que estos profesionales no estén registrados como contribuyentes, la emprsa constructora podrá hacer uso del comprobante fiscal proveedor informal para sustentar estos pagos.Los pagos que se realicen fuera del contenido de la norma y que las empresas contratistas deseen deducir como gastos tendrán que ser avalados por comprobantes fiscales válidos.Las empresas dedicadas a la venta de inmuebles tendrán que registrar sus ventas como ingreso cuando las transferencias sean efectivamente realizadas o cuando el bien se entregue al propietario. Los recibos emitidos o el contrato tendrán que tener el número de comprobante fiscal para que sea considerado por la DGII.La norma deroga expresamente la norma 04-07 del 30de marzo del 2007 y la norma general del 11-01 del 26 de diciembre del 2001.
Freddy Miranda Severino, Esq.Real estate lawyer. http://www.freddymiranda.com/
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